圣经中的假偶像
从迦南的巴力和亚舍拉，到巴比伦的贝尔和尼波，《圣经》列举了数十位神明，警告自己的百姓远离这些神明；此外，还有数十位神明被邻国用来代替耶和华。一些最严重的谬误并非借鉴自他人：西奈山上的金牛犊、拉结马鞍袋里的家神像、以法莲人弥迦为自己建造的私人神龛。
以下列出了20个偶像，您可以按其崇拜地点和在圣经时间线中出现的时间进行浏览。点击某个文化即可筛选页面。
- 迦南人
- — 迦南本土的生育崇拜和风暴崇拜，以色列人屡次被警告不要效仿，却又屡次采纳。
- 非利士人
- — 沿海非利士城邦的神灵，在亚实突、以革伦和其他非利士城市受到崇拜。
- 摩押人／亚扪人
- — 以色列约旦河东岸邻国摩押和亚扪的民族神灵。
- 亚兰人
- — 大马士革及以色列北部更广阔的亚兰（叙利亚）王国的风暴之神。
- 美索不达米亚人
- — 亚述和巴比伦的神明，这两个帝国征服并流放了以色列的两个王国。
- 埃及人
- — 埃及的万神殿，在出埃及记之前直接遭遇了十灾。
- 希腊罗马
- — 新约教会所接触到的犹太地以外的希腊化和罗马世界的诸神。
- 以色列人
- — 以色列人自己陷入了偶像崇拜——金牛犊和家神——而不是信奉外来的神。
有些读者将这些民族神祇与领土上的“统治者”联系起来，认为他们是被赋予统治特定国家的灵权。圣经中支持这种观点的最明确记载也十分有限：在但以理书10:13, 20中，一位天使描述了他如何受到“波斯王”和后来的“希腊王”的反对，直到大天使米迦勒介入。这是唯一一处明确指出与特定国家相关的灵权的经文，而本页对下文提到的每一个偶像都做出了类似的描述。
他们被崇拜的地方
纵观圣经时间线
先祖时代
出埃及与征服
士师时代
王国时代
被掳时期
新约时代
全部20位偶像
Baal Mount Carmel
迦南人 · 另有 Baal-berith
Canaan's chief storm-and-fertility god, worshipped across the judges and monarchy periods under regional titles like Baal-berith and Baal-zebub. Elijah challenges 450 of his prophets to a contest on Mount Carmel: fire falls only on Elijah's altar, and the prophets who call on Baal all day get no answer at all.
1 Kings 18:20-40Asherah Ophrah
迦南人
A Canaanite mother-goddess whose wooden cult pole stood beside local Baal altars throughout Israel's history. God orders Gideon to tear down his own father's Asherah pole and Baal altar in Ophrah by night, and the town's demand for Gideon's death gives him the name Jerubbaal, "let Baal contend for himself."
Judges 6:25-32Ashtoreth Beth-shan
迦南人 · 另有 Astarte, Ashtaroth
A Sidonian and Philistine goddess of love and war, later adopted by Solomon despite God's warning against foreign wives' gods (1 Kings 11:5, 33). After Saul's death at Gilboa, the Philistines hang his armor in Ashtoreth's temple at Beth-shan and fasten his body to the city wall.
1 Samuel 31:9-10Molech Topheth
迦南人 · 另有 Molek
A god demanding child sacrifice by fire, explicitly forbidden in the Law (Leviticus 18:21; 20:2-5) yet practiced at Topheth in the Valley of Hinnom outside Jerusalem. King Josiah's reforms defile the site so no one can burn a child there again.
2 Kings 23:10Dagon Ashdod
非利士人
The Philistines' grain god, whose temple at Ashdod receives the captured ark of the covenant as a trophy. Dagon's statue is found fallen face-down before the ark twice, the second time broken at the head and hands — Philistine priests still avoid stepping on Dagon's threshold there "to this day."
1 Samuel 5:1-5Baal-zebub Ekron
非利士人 · 另有 Beelzebub
"Lord of the flies," a Philistine oracle god at Ekron consulted by Israel's King Ahaziah after a fall injures him. Elijah intercepts Ahaziah's messengers and rebukes the king for seeking a foreign god "because there is no God in Israel."
2 Kings 1:2-3Chemosh Kir-hareseth
摩押人／亚扪人
Moab's national god, called "the abomination of Moab" in Kings. Besieged at Kir-hareseth by Israel, Judah, and Edom, King Mesha sacrifices his own firstborn son as a burnt offering on the city wall to Chemosh.
2 Kings 3:26-27Milcom Rabbah
摩押人／亚扪人 · 另有 Malcam
The national god of Ammon, whose capital Rabbah anchors his cult. Solomon builds a high place for Milcom on a hill facing Jerusalem to please his foreign wives — the same high place Josiah later tears down.
1 Kings 11:5, 7Baal of Peor Peor
摩押人／亚扪人
A regional form of Baal worshipped at Peor in Moab, tied to sacrificial meals and sexual immorality that draws Israelite men into apostasy just before entering Canaan. The resulting plague kills 24,000 before Phinehas's intervention ends it.
Numbers 25:1-3Rimmon Damascus
亚兰人
Syria's storm god, worshipped at a temple in Damascus where the king of Aram bows in official duty. After Elisha heals him, the Aramean commander Naaman asks pardon in advance for the times he must still bow there at his master's side.
2 Kings 5:17-18Nisroch Nineveh
美索不达米亚人
An Assyrian god worshipped at Nineveh, named only at the moment King Sennacherib is assassinated by his own sons while bowing in Nisroch's temple. The killing comes shortly after Sennacherib's army is destroyed for mocking the God of Jerusalem.
2 Kings 19:36-37Bel and Nebo Babylon
美索不达米亚人 · 另有 Marduk, Nabu
Babylon's two chief gods, Bel (Marduk) and his son Nebo (Nabu), pictured by Isaiah as dead weight loaded onto exhausted pack animals during the city's fall. The prophet contrasts them with the LORD, who carries Israel rather than needing to be carried.
Isaiah 46:1-2The Gods of Egypt Egypt
埃及人
Not one god but the whole Egyptian pantheon — Scripture doesn't name them individually here, only says the tenth plague executes judgment "against all the gods of Egypt." Each of the ten plagues has been read as targeting a specific claimed domain, from the Nile to the sun to Pharaoh's own divinized person.
Exodus 12:12Artemis of Ephesus Ephesus
希腊罗马 · 另有 Diana
The fertility goddess whose temple at Ephesus was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Silversmiths who profit from her shrine souvenirs riot against Paul, filling the theater for two hours chanting "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians."
Acts 19:23-41The Unknown God Athens
希腊罗马
An altar in Athens inscribed "to an unknown god," hedging against offending any deity the city's crowded pantheon had missed. Paul uses the inscription as his opening line before the Areopagus, introducing the God "who made the world and everything in it."
Acts 17:22-23The Golden Calf (Sinai) Sinai
以色列人
While Moses is on the mountain receiving the Law, Aaron melts the people's gold jewelry into a calf modeled on Egyptian bull-worship and declares a feast to the LORD. Moses burns the calf, grinds it to powder, and makes Israel drink it in water.
Exodus 32:1-6Jeroboam's Calf (Bethel) Bethel
以色列人
After the kingdom splits, Jeroboam sets up golden calves at Bethel and Dan so his subjects won't return to worship at Jerusalem's temple. The text calls it "sin," and every later king of Israel is measured against whether he continues it.
1 Kings 12:28-30Jeroboam's Calf (Dan) Dan
以色列人
The northern twin of Jeroboam's Bethel shrine, placed at Dan so worshippers from the kingdom's far north wouldn't have to travel to Jerusalem or even to Bethel. Judges 18 also records Dan as the site of Micah's earlier stolen idol, so the city carries two separate idolatry stories under two different eras.
1 Kings 12:28-30Rachel's Household Gods Haran
以色列人 · 另有 teraphim
Small household idols (teraphim) belonging to Laban, possibly tied to inheritance rights, that Rachel steals when Jacob's family flees Haran. When Laban searches the camp, Rachel hides them under her camel's saddle and sits on them, claiming she can't rise because "the manner of women is upon me."
Genesis 31:19, 34-35Micah's Idol Laish
以色列人
An Ephraimite named Micah casts silver into a household idol and hires a wandering Levite as his private priest — the narrator's refrain, "everyone did what was right in his own eyes," frames the whole account. When the tribe of Dan migrates north, they steal Micah's idol and priest and set up their own shrine with it at Laish, which they rename Dan.
Judges 17:1-6; 18:30-31