聖經中的假偶像
從迦南的巴力和亞舍拉，到巴比倫的貝爾和尼波，《聖經》列舉了數十位神明，警告自己的百姓遠離這些神明；此外，還有數十位神明被鄰國用來代替耶和華。一些最嚴重的謬誤並非藉用自他人：西乃山上的金牛犢、拉結馬鞍袋裡的家神像、以法蓮人彌迦為自己建造的私人神龕。
以下列出了20個偶像，您可以按其崇拜地點和在聖經時間線中出現的時間進行瀏覽。點擊某個文化即可篩選頁面。
- 迦南人
- — 迦南本土的生育崇拜和風暴崇拜，以色列人屢次被警告不要效仿，卻又屢次採納。
- 非利士人
- — 沿海非利士城邦的神靈，在亞實突、以革倫和其他非利士城市受到崇拜。
- 摩押人／亞捫人
- — 以色列約旦河東岸鄰國摩押和亞捫的民族神。
- 亞蘭人
- — 大馬士革及以色列北部更廣闊的亞蘭（敘利亞）王國的風暴之神。
- 美索不達米亞人
- — 亞述和巴比倫的神明，這兩個帝國征服並流放了以色列的兩個王國。
- 埃及人
- — 埃及的萬神殿，在出埃及記之前直接遭遇了十災。
- 希臘羅馬
- — 新約教會所接觸到的猶太地以外的希臘化和羅馬世界的諸神。
- 以色列人
- — 以色列人自己陷入了偶像崇拜——金牛犢和家神——而不是信奉外來的神。
有些讀者將這些民族神祇與領土上的「統治者」連結起來，認為他們是被賦予統治特定國家的靈權。聖經中支持這種觀點的最明確記載也十分有限：在但以理書10:13, 20中，一位天使描述了他如何受到「波斯王」和後來的「希臘王」的反對，直到大天使米迦勒介入。這是唯一一處明確指出與特定國家相關的靈權的經文，而本頁對下文提到的每一個偶像都做出了類似的描述。
他們被崇拜的地方
縱觀聖經時間線
先祖時代
出埃及與征服
士師時代
王國時代
被擄時期
新約時代
全部20位偶像
Baal Mount Carmel
迦南人 · 另有 Baal-berith
Canaan's chief storm-and-fertility god, worshipped across the judges and monarchy periods under regional titles like Baal-berith and Baal-zebub. Elijah challenges 450 of his prophets to a contest on Mount Carmel: fire falls only on Elijah's altar, and the prophets who call on Baal all day get no answer at all.
1 Kings 18:20-40Asherah Ophrah
迦南人
A Canaanite mother-goddess whose wooden cult pole stood beside local Baal altars throughout Israel's history. God orders Gideon to tear down his own father's Asherah pole and Baal altar in Ophrah by night, and the town's demand for Gideon's death gives him the name Jerubbaal, "let Baal contend for himself."
Judges 6:25-32Ashtoreth Beth-shan
迦南人 · 另有 Astarte, Ashtaroth
A Sidonian and Philistine goddess of love and war, later adopted by Solomon despite God's warning against foreign wives' gods (1 Kings 11:5, 33). After Saul's death at Gilboa, the Philistines hang his armor in Ashtoreth's temple at Beth-shan and fasten his body to the city wall.
1 Samuel 31:9-10Molech Topheth
迦南人 · 另有 Molek
A god demanding child sacrifice by fire, explicitly forbidden in the Law (Leviticus 18:21; 20:2-5) yet practiced at Topheth in the Valley of Hinnom outside Jerusalem. King Josiah's reforms defile the site so no one can burn a child there again.
2 Kings 23:10Dagon Ashdod
非利士人
The Philistines' grain god, whose temple at Ashdod receives the captured ark of the covenant as a trophy. Dagon's statue is found fallen face-down before the ark twice, the second time broken at the head and hands — Philistine priests still avoid stepping on Dagon's threshold there "to this day."
1 Samuel 5:1-5Baal-zebub Ekron
非利士人 · 另有 Beelzebub
"Lord of the flies," a Philistine oracle god at Ekron consulted by Israel's King Ahaziah after a fall injures him. Elijah intercepts Ahaziah's messengers and rebukes the king for seeking a foreign god "because there is no God in Israel."
2 Kings 1:2-3Chemosh Kir-hareseth
摩押人／亞捫人
Moab's national god, called "the abomination of Moab" in Kings. Besieged at Kir-hareseth by Israel, Judah, and Edom, King Mesha sacrifices his own firstborn son as a burnt offering on the city wall to Chemosh.
2 Kings 3:26-27Milcom Rabbah
摩押人／亞捫人 · 另有 Malcam
The national god of Ammon, whose capital Rabbah anchors his cult. Solomon builds a high place for Milcom on a hill facing Jerusalem to please his foreign wives — the same high place Josiah later tears down.
1 Kings 11:5, 7Baal of Peor Peor
摩押人／亞捫人
A regional form of Baal worshipped at Peor in Moab, tied to sacrificial meals and sexual immorality that draws Israelite men into apostasy just before entering Canaan. The resulting plague kills 24,000 before Phinehas's intervention ends it.
Numbers 25:1-3Rimmon Damascus
亞蘭人
Syria's storm god, worshipped at a temple in Damascus where the king of Aram bows in official duty. After Elisha heals him, the Aramean commander Naaman asks pardon in advance for the times he must still bow there at his master's side.
2 Kings 5:17-18Nisroch Nineveh
美索不達米亞人
An Assyrian god worshipped at Nineveh, named only at the moment King Sennacherib is assassinated by his own sons while bowing in Nisroch's temple. The killing comes shortly after Sennacherib's army is destroyed for mocking the God of Jerusalem.
2 Kings 19:36-37Bel and Nebo Babylon
美索不達米亞人 · 另有 Marduk, Nabu
Babylon's two chief gods, Bel (Marduk) and his son Nebo (Nabu), pictured by Isaiah as dead weight loaded onto exhausted pack animals during the city's fall. The prophet contrasts them with the LORD, who carries Israel rather than needing to be carried.
Isaiah 46:1-2The Gods of Egypt Egypt
埃及人
Not one god but the whole Egyptian pantheon — Scripture doesn't name them individually here, only says the tenth plague executes judgment "against all the gods of Egypt." Each of the ten plagues has been read as targeting a specific claimed domain, from the Nile to the sun to Pharaoh's own divinized person.
Exodus 12:12Artemis of Ephesus Ephesus
希臘羅馬 · 另有 Diana
The fertility goddess whose temple at Ephesus was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Silversmiths who profit from her shrine souvenirs riot against Paul, filling the theater for two hours chanting "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians."
Acts 19:23-41The Unknown God Athens
希臘羅馬
An altar in Athens inscribed "to an unknown god," hedging against offending any deity the city's crowded pantheon had missed. Paul uses the inscription as his opening line before the Areopagus, introducing the God "who made the world and everything in it."
Acts 17:22-23The Golden Calf (Sinai) Sinai
以色列人
While Moses is on the mountain receiving the Law, Aaron melts the people's gold jewelry into a calf modeled on Egyptian bull-worship and declares a feast to the LORD. Moses burns the calf, grinds it to powder, and makes Israel drink it in water.
Exodus 32:1-6Jeroboam's Calf (Bethel) Bethel
以色列人
After the kingdom splits, Jeroboam sets up golden calves at Bethel and Dan so his subjects won't return to worship at Jerusalem's temple. The text calls it "sin," and every later king of Israel is measured against whether he continues it.
1 Kings 12:28-30Jeroboam's Calf (Dan) Dan
以色列人
The northern twin of Jeroboam's Bethel shrine, placed at Dan so worshippers from the kingdom's far north wouldn't have to travel to Jerusalem or even to Bethel. Judges 18 also records Dan as the site of Micah's earlier stolen idol, so the city carries two separate idolatry stories under two different eras.
1 Kings 12:28-30Rachel's Household Gods Haran
以色列人 · 另有 teraphim
Small household idols (teraphim) belonging to Laban, possibly tied to inheritance rights, that Rachel steals when Jacob's family flees Haran. When Laban searches the camp, Rachel hides them under her camel's saddle and sits on them, claiming she can't rise because "the manner of women is upon me."
Genesis 31:19, 34-35Micah's Idol Laish
以色列人
An Ephraimite named Micah casts silver into a household idol and hires a wandering Levite as his private priest — the narrator's refrain, "everyone did what was right in his own eyes," frames the whole account. When the tribe of Dan migrates north, they steal Micah's idol and priest and set up their own shrine with it at Laish, which they rename Dan.
Judges 17:1-6; 18:30-31